the use of working dogs for hunting, shepherding, and for some roles in war date back to at least classical greek times (4, 5). for example, hearing dogs, matched with a handler who is deaf or hard of hearing, alert their handler to key sounds in the environment. it is then common for the dogs to return to a dedicated campus between 14 and 20 months, where they are housed in kennels as they progress through professional training. the influence of this field and its perspective within the working dog field can be readily seen in trainers’ focus on a dogs’ “innate drive,” or similar concepts such as “hunting drive” or “predatory drive” for detection dogs. this growing field continues to help attend to and treat the behavioral health of working dogs (47). few studies have thoroughly explored the discrimination capabilities of the dog and how that may compare to our own sensory capabilities. here we provide a brief description of each type of learning and provide a very brief review of (1) key research on the learning mechanism and (2) areas where we believe research and practice can be better studied for working dogs in the future. the use of pavlovian conditioning has also been evaluated for efficacy in facilitating odor detection training in dogs (71–73). a thorough review of operant conditioning and its application with dogs is beyond the scope here, but many texts in learning provide thorough coverage of operant conditioning research (34–36). however, the size of the training set and number of odor examples necessary to produce an accurate discriminated concept has not been formally evaluated in dogs. in errorless discrimination learning, the relative salience of the correct and incorrect stimuli is manipulated at the start, such that the probability of a response to the incorrect stimulus is highly unlikely. although operant conditioning is a key process by which working dogs are trained, little research has focused on how to optimize training parameters to produce the most robust behaviors in real-world and distracting environments. this research highlights two important features of social learning in dogs: (1) dogs are ready to learn from humans from an early age and (2) experience, especially training experience, can influence how dogs engage with humans in a social learning context. especially in working roles that require the dog to engaged in independent action, the ease with which dogs may be unintentionally influenced by the actions and subtle cues of a handler or others in the environment should be considered. a combination of evolutionary, genetic, developmental, and lifetime factors may influence the salience of specific stimuli to an individual, breed group or to dogs in general. furthermore, considering how environment and motivational factors may differ between a training environment and final work setting can be used to simulate final working conditions or highlight the importance of training sessions in applied settings. it is possible that selecting dogs with a “high drive” for a particular reinforcer and only providing access through irregular training may lead to the development of alternative or undesired behaviors. for instance, dogs will fetch an object that a human has emoted positively toward in the past (172) and are more likely to go toward a scary object if their owner has emoted positively toward it (130). building on this, dogs seem to have at least a basic sense of number and quantity. in addition to working memory, some recent work suggests that dogs may be capable of the elements of episodic memory (195), including the what, when, and where of odor cues (196). taken together, these findings have the potential to impact working dog training because they highlight both strengths and weaknesses of dogs’ cognition that may impact which training methods are most tractable. while even less research has been done specifically on working dog attachment relationships, the quality of owner/handler bonds may be an important factor in training and job success. while a relatively new area of study, there is already some evidence that the attachment style of working dogs toward their caretaker or handler may be an important aspect of training success and job performance. working dogs are trained to complete a myriad of tasks for service, assistance, detection, and protection work with much success. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2017.10.003 2. hole f, wyllie c. the oldest depictions of canines and a possible early breed of dog in iran. experiments on the sense of smell in dogs. predictive models of assistance dog training outcomes using the canine behavioral assessment and research questionnaire and a standardized temperament evaluation. a history of the term radical behaviorism: from watson to skinner. the principles of learning and behavior. doi: 10.1007/bf03394028 39. seligman mep, maier sf, geer j. alleviation of learned helplessness in the dog. doi: 10.1037/h0037426 45. zawistowski s, reid p. dogs in today’s society: the role of applied animal behavior. a review of vision in dogs and implications for cognition research.
doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(85)90021-1 60. krestel d, passe d, smith jc, jonsson l. behavioral determination of olfactory thresholds to amyl acetate in dogs. the efficacy of conditioned reinforcement in applied animal training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. clicker increases resistance to extinction but does not decrease training time of a simple operant task in domestic dogs (canis familiaris). pavlovian conditioning enhances resistance to disruption of dogs performing an odor discrimination. doi: 10.1007/bf03392107 80. michale j. positive and negative reinforcement, a distinction that is no longer necessary; or a better way to talk about bad things. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.05.002 88. pirrone f, albertini m. olfactory detection of cancer by trained sniffer dogs: a systematic review of the literature. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2018.11.004 90. fukuzawa m, shibata k. testing the ability of dogs to detect different odor concentrations of the carolina anole (anolis carolinensis) in japan. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141357 97. watanabe s, sakamoto j, wakita m. pigeons’ discrimination of paintings by monet and picasso. errorless discrimination learning inthe pigeon: effects of chlorpromazine and impiramine. extinction of a discriminative operant following discrimination learning with and without errors. behavioral momentum and relapse of extinguished operant responding. behavioral momentum and the law of effect. another way to learn about teaching: what dogs can tell us about the evolution of pedagogy. doi: 10.1007/s10071-006-0051-6 126. fugazza c, miklósi á. social learning in dog training: the effectiveness of the do as i do method compared to shaping/clicker training. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.03.015 133. marshall-pescini s, frazzi c, valsecchi p. the effect of training and breed group on problem-solving behaviours in dogs. ontogeny and phylogeny: both are essential to human-sensitive behaviour in the genus canis. (2018) 5:236. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00236 144. pryor k. don’t shoot the dog: the art of teaching and training. relative efficacy of human social interaction and food as reinforcers for domestic dogs and hand-reared wolves. fear of the cs in avoidance training and fear from a sense of helplessness. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.008 158. cooper jj, cracknell n, hardiman j, wright h, mills d. the welfare consequences and efficacy of training pet dogs with remote electronic training collars in comparison to reward based training. advances in the study of behavior. dogs recognize disgust and happiness in human behaviour. timmy’s in the well: empathy and prosocial helping in dogs. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1709027114 180. nitzschner m, melis ap, kaminski j, tomasello m. dogs (canis familiaris) evaluate humans on the basis of direct experiences only. the owners’ effect on pet dogs’ (canis lupus familiaris) performance in a food choice task. effects of age on measures of complex working memory span in the beagle dog (canis familiaris) using two versions of a spatial list learning paradigm. training and maintaining the performance of dogs (canis familiaris) on an increasing number of odor discriminations in a controlled setting. the interrelated effect of sleep and learning in dogs (canis familiaris); an eeg and behavioural study. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.99.3.266 211. hiestand l. a comparison of problem-solving and spatial orientation in the wolf (canis lupus) and dog (canis familiaris). evaluating cognitive and behavioral outcomes in conjunction with the secure base effect for dogs in shelter and foster environments. does attachment security to a human handler influence the behavior of dogs who engage in animal assisted activities? doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01390.x 228. horn l, huber l, range f. the importance of the secure base effect for domestic dogs – evidence from a manipulative problem-solving task. enhancing the selection and performance of working dogs.
if a dog was born a working dog – well, then he is going to be a working dog. to this day i often look at the client’s dog i am training and marvel how we were able to come this far, starting from a wolf – whether that be a little, feisty terrier; an elegant saluki; a tiny italian greyhound; a slow and thoughtful great pyrenees or a high-strung doberman. a dog who would need frequent naps throughout the day or flake out on the job was not a dog who would be bred to pass on his genes. this can become a real problem when all the work we have left for our working dogs is a daily walk around the block and a visit to the dog park twice a month.
this can at times even be more discouraging as the dog, when he finally gets to work for one hour every week, goes a little ballistic with excitement and actually often does not excel at the task. the good news is that your dog most likely does not need to participate in his original job to be happy and manageable (with the exception of some bite sport and hunting dogs). a working dog does not want to stay inside during the work week and only have an outing on the weekend. working dogs are – well – workers, and they will gladly learn the 154th trick with you, go for the 5th walk of the day and then curl up next to you at the end of the day.
dogs are trained for a variety of working roles including assistance, protection, and detection work. many canine working roles, in their the amount of different traits, personalities, physical appearances and working types we can find in dog breeds across the globe is incredible. you can’t rush dog training. some dogs pick things up faster than others. military working dogs, or mwds, are trained for four to seven months, .
dogs learn by practicing tasks and commands until they are able to do them the right way. even if your working dog goes through organization a unique program at the university of pennsylvania school of veterinary medicine—the penn vet working dog center—not only trains detection dogs from pro k9 supplies offers a wide variety of working dog equipment, also we offer k9, security handler gear and equipment at the best prices., . 5 training tips for your working dog breedstart training your working dog early. enrichment is a must with working dogs. clicker train for accuracy. ensure your working dog gets proper physical conditioning. obedience training is key with working dogs.
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